Turkey Facing East: Islam, Modernity and Foreign Policy by Ayla Gol

Author:Ayla Gol [Gol, Ayla]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: International Relations, Social Science, Political Science, Islamic Studies, General
ISBN: 9781526107480
Google: Cm65DwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 31165097
Publisher: Manchester University Press
Published: 2017-06-07T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1 W.E.D. Allen and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Cambridge, The University Press, 1953, pp. 9–10.

2 Gabriel Gorodetsky, ‘The Formulation of Soviet Foreign Policy: Ideology and Realpolitik’, in Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective, London, Frank Cass, 1994, p. 31.

3 J.C. Hurewitz, Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record: 1914–1956, Vol. II, Princeton, NJ, Van Nostrand, 1956, pp. 18–22.

4 Jane Degras, ed., Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. I: 1917–1924, London, Oxford University Press, 1951, p. 8.

5 E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution: 1917–1923, Vol. III, London, Macmillan, 1961, p. 235; Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. I: 1917–1924, pp. 16–17.

6 Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1954, p. 108.

7 Orlanda Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924, New York, Penguin Books, 1998, pp. 547–548.

8 Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. I: 1917–1924, p. 48.

9 Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 548.

10 Vernon V. Aspaturian, ‘Soviet Foreign Policy’, in Roy C. Macridis, ed., Foreign Policy in World Politics: States and Regions, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1992, p. 212.

11 Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, Vol. III, p. 51.

12 According to article 4: ‘Russia will do all within her power to ensure the immediate evacuation of the provinces of Eastern Anatolia and their lawful return to Turkey. The Districts of Ardahan, Kars, and Batum will likewise and without delay be cleared of Russian troops. Russia will not interfere in the reorganisation of the national and international relations of these districts, but leave it to the population of these districts to carry out this reorganisation in agreement with the neighbouring States, especially with Turkey.’ Akdes N. Kurat, Türkiye ve Rusya, Ankara, Sevinç Matbaası, 1990, p. 488 (Turkish version) and see the English translation in Degras, Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, Vol. I: 1917–1924, p. 53; R.G. Hovannisian, ‘Armenia’s Road to Independence’, in R.G. Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol. II: Foreign dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1997, p. 288.

13 Stefanos Yerasimos, Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri: Ekim Devriminden Milli Mücadele’ye, İstanbul, Gözlem Yayınevi, 1979, Doc. 5, pp. 44–49.

14 Kurat, Türkiye ve Rusya, p. 383.

15 Uygur Kocabaşoğlu and Metin Berge, Bolşevik İhtilali ve Osmanlılar, Ankara, Kebikec Yayınları, 1994, p. 132.

16 Deciding on the future of the three districts continued to be a problem in Turkish–Soviet relations not only during the rapprochement between the nationalists and the Bolsheviks but also in later years. When Stalin wanted to expand his sphere of influence to the Near East after the Second World War, he used diplomatic pressure on Turkey for the return of Kars and Arhadan (Batum was left to the Bolsheviks in 1921) to the Soviet Union in 1946. Bruce R. Kuniholm, ‘The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East’, in Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective, London, Frank Cass, 1994, p. 139.

17 Allen and Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, p.

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